The Effect of Economic Risk on Women's Entrepreneurship Activity in Selected Countries of the World

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Al-Zahra University,

2 --

Abstract

In economic literature, entrepreneurship has been strongly emphasized as one of the key determinants of economic growth and development. Given that almost women make up half of the population of each country, supporting of entrepreneurial activities of this group can play an effective role in Economic growth and development. Thus, one of the paths of women's participation for proceeding of goals of economic development is through entrepreneurship. Although, women's entrepreneurship has significantly different with men's entrepreneurship. women's entrepreneurship are less willing to start or continue entrepreneurial activities because of fear of failure. The low quality of the institutional environment, the increasing fear of failure, and the possibility of uncertainty for achieving expected returns are the result of increased economic risk. Therefore, increasing of economic risk by increasing the possibility of uncertainty for achieving expected returns and increasing fear of failure will reduce women's entrepreneurship. For this purpose, the present study seeks to investigate the effect of economic risk on world women's total early-stage entrepreneurship activity in selected countries of the world during 2008-2015 using the Generalized Method of Moments(GMM) method. The results of this study indicate that improving economic risk has a positive and significant effect on women's entrepreneurship. Also, variables of financial development, human capital index, direct foreign investment have a positive and significant effect on women's entrepreneurship.

Keywords


آراستی، زهرا(1385). زنان کارآفرین ایرانی؛ ساختارهای فرهنگی- اجتماعی موثر در ایجاد کسب­وکارهای کارآفرینانه. پژوهش زنان، سال چهارم، شماره 1و2، صص 119-93.
آراستی، زهرا و اکبری­جوکار، محمدرضا(1387). تحقیقی پیرامون ویژگی‌های کسب‌وکارهای زنان کارآفرین تحصیل‌کرده دانشگاهی و مشکلات آنان در راه اندازی کسب و کار. مجله دانشور رفتار، سال پانزدهم، شماره 32، صص 46-37.
آذرمند، حمید(1385). نقش نهادهای سیاسی و حقوقی در توسعه اقتصادی. مجله روند، سال هفدهم، شماره‌های 50 و 51، صص 171-119.
ممیز، آیت­اله، قاسمی، سیده عاطفه و قاسمی، سیده فاطمه(1392). بررسی عوامل موثر بر توسعه کارآفرینی. فصلنامه رشد فناوری، سال نهم، شماره 35، صص 22-15.
یعقوبی فرانی، احمد، سلیمانی، عطیه و موحدی، رضا (1393). تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر کارآفرینی زنان روستایی. فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی- روان­شناختی زنان، سال دوازدهم، شمار 4، صص 42-7.
Akanji, O. O. (2006). Microfinance as a strategy for poverty reduction. Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review, 39(4),. 1-20
Arasti, Z., Oliayee Rezayee, S., Zarei, B. & Shariat Panahi, S. M. (2012). A qualitative study on environmental factors affecting Iranian women entrepreneurs’ growth orientation. Journal of Management and Strategy, 3(2), 49-39.
Becker, GS. (1964). Human capital. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., Sánchez-Vidal, M. E., & Cegarra-Leiva, D. (2011). Balancing exploration and exploitation of knowledge through an unlearning context: An empirical investigation in SMEs. Management Decision, 49(7), 1099-1119.
Chowdhury, T. Y., Yeasmin, A. & Ahmed, Z. (2018). Perception of women entrepreneurs to accessing bank credit. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 8(32), 1-16.
Danakol, S. H., Estrin, S., Reynolds, P. & Weitzel, U. (2017). Foreign direct investment via M&A and domestic entrepreneurship: Blessing or curse?. Small Business Economics, 48(3), 599-612.
Daymard, A. (2015). Determinants of female entrepreneurship in India., OECD Economics Department Working Papers, 1(1191), 1815-1873.
De Bruin, A., Brush, C. & Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice Journal, 31(3), 323-339.
Estrin, S. & Mickiewicz, T. (2011). Institutions and female entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Economics, 3 (1)(1), 397-415.
Gbadeyan, R. A., Oppong, N. Y. & Oduro, S. (2017). ). Effects of socio-economic factors on entrepreneurship activities in Cape Coast, Ghana. . Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 5(1), 39-51.
Hatcher, C. A. & Terjesen, S. A. (2007). Towards a new theory of entrepreneurship in culture and gender: A grounded study of Thailand’s most successful female entrepreneurs. In Gillin, L. Murray (Ed.) 4th AGSE International Entrepreneurship Research Exchange 2007, 6–9 February 2007, Brisbane, Australia.
Hurley, A. (1999). Incorporation feminist theories into sociological theories of entrepreneurship. Women in Management Review, 4(2), 54-62.
Kimmitt, J. & Munoz, P. A. (2017). Entrepreneurship and financial inclusion through the lens of instrumental freedoms. International Small Business Journal, 35(7), 803-828.
King, R. G. & Levine, R. (1993). Finance, entrepreneurship and growth. Journal of Monetary Economics,  32(3), 513-542.
Koellinger, P., Minniti, M., & Schade, C. (2013). Gender differences in entrepreneurial propensity. Oxford bulletin of Economics and Statistics,. 75(2), 213-234.
Langowitz, N., & Minniti, M. (2007). The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice Journal, 31(1), 341-364.
Leibenstein, H. (1968). Entrepreneurship and development. The American Economic Review, 58(2), 72-83.  
Maden, C. (2015). A gendered lens on entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurship in Turkey. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30(4), 312-331.
Manolova, T.S, Brush, C.G., Edelman, L.F. & Shaver, K.G. (2012). One size does not fit all: Entrepreneurial expectancies and growth intentions of us women and men nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(1–2), 7–27.
Misra, K., Memili, E., Welsh, D. H. B., & Fang, H. 2014. The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Women’s Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 24(1), 45-59.
Munemo, J. (2017). Foreign direct investment and business start-up in developing countries: The role of financial market development. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 65(1), 97-106.
Noguera, M., Alvarez, C. & Urbano, D. (2013). Socio-cultural factors and female entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(2), 183–197.
Noguera, M., Alvarez, C., Merigo´, J. M. & Urbano, D. (2015). Determinants of female entrepreneurship in Spain: an institutional approach. Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, 21(4), 341–355.
Norsiah Mat, I. E. & Razak, R. Z. (2011). Attributes, environment factors and women entrepreneurial activity: A literature review. Asian Social Science, 7(9), 124-130.
North, D. (1990). Institutions, institutional chang, and economic performance. New York, Cambridge University.
Okafor, C. & Mordi, C. (2010). Women entrepreneurship development in Nigeria: the effect of environmental factors. Economic Sciences Series, 62(4), 43-52.
Parvin, L., Rahman, M. W. & Jia, J. (21022012). Determinates of women micro-entrepreneurship development: An empirical investigation in rural Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(5), 254-260.
Pérez, C. P. & Hernández, M. A. (2016). Explanatory factors of female entrepreneurship and limiting elementsFactores explicativos del emprendimiento femenino y elementos limitadores, Suma de Negocios, 7(15), 25-31.
Schultz, T. (1959). Investment in man. An economist’s view. Social Serv Rev, 33,110–117.
Urbano, D. & Aparicio, S. (2016). Entrepreneurship capital types and economic growth: International evidence”, . Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102 (1),: 34- 44.
Verheul, I., Van Stel, A. & Thurik, R. (2006). Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 18(2), 151-183.
Vob, R. & Muller, C. (2009). How are the conditions for high-tech start-ups in Germany?. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 7(3), 285-311.
Volkova, T. and Graudina, A. (2013). Enhancement of female entrepreneurship for improving individual well-being in Latvia, corporate social responsibility and women’s entrepreneurship around the Mare Balticum. Baltic Sea Academy, ISBN9783732278459, 437-448.
Wagner, J. (2007). What a difference a Y makes-female and male nascent entrepreneurs in Germany. Small Business Economics, 28(1), 1–21.
Wilson, F., Kickul, J. & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387-406.